论文的Methods and Materials（方法和材料）部分是评估研究整体质量的重要部分。今天我们带来了Elsevier和卡罗拉多州立大学的写作指导，希望能为大家提供帮助。
1 内容和原则
一般而言，Methods and Materials部分要有足够的细节让别人重复你的研究。要包括研究对象、研究地点和特征、主要材料、公式和算法、统计分析、设备信息等。
写作思路上，它应该以一种合乎逻辑的方式安排(即，把相关的想法放在一起，并在可能的情况下按时间顺序写)。
Elsevier提出了一般写作原则：
◆ 应该从方法部分了解结果部分中的所有数据是如何获得的。
◆ 研究程序应该有明确的描述。例如，在医学领域，研究人员需要具体说明研究对象的数量；研究对象是如何、何时、在何处招募的，以及研究获得了适当的“知情同意”文件；以及研究对象必须符合哪些标准才能纳入研究。
◆ 在大多数情况下，实验应包括适当的控制或比较。
◆ 确定客观的结果衡量标准。
◆ 用于分析数据的方法必须是可靠的。
◆ 对于定性研究，必须采用一种既定的定性研究方法(例如社会学中常用的扎根理论)来解决研究问题。
◆ 所有的材料和工具都应该明确，包括供应商的名称和位置。
◆ 方法部分不应包含属于另一节的信息(例如介绍或结果)。
◆ 你可以建议增加实验是否能大大提高手稿的质量。你的建议应该符合研究的目的。
注：这一部分的写作为过去时态
2 写作案例
不同学科领域的Methods and Materials组成不同。我们以常见的参加者、材料、程序、设备、统计分析几个方面提供一些案例参考(部分案例来自科罗拉多州立大学[Colorado State University]写作指南)
1）参与者
One hundred middle school students were enrolled in the experiment. The age range was narrow: from 12 (55 students) to 13 (45 students) years old. There were 33 boys and 77 girls correspondingly. The participants were divided into two groups of 50 participants each without any criteria of choice. The experiment was conducted in the First Middle School of Jamestown, Georgia, USA.
在APA风格中，“subject”比“participant”更合适。
2） 材料
The participants were asked to pass a survey using a five points scale (1 = absolutely not and 5 = absolutely yes). For the measure of dream post-effects on health, the Mariam-Johnson Dream Post-Effects Test was applied.
It reflects the vulnerability of a child’s subconsciousness towards the harmful effects of nightmares.
3） 程序
案例A：
Chromosomal DNA was denatured for the first cycle by incubating the slides in 70% deionized formamide; 2x standard saline citrate (SSC) at 70ºC for 2 min, followed by 70% ethanol at -20ºC and then 90% and 100% ethanol at room temperature, followed by air drying. (Rouwendal et al., p. 79)
案例B：
Two groups of participants were asked to pass the test as quickly as possible, without thinking about the questions. They were sitting in individual tables in the classroom. Each question was read by the teacher. The average duration of the experiment was 15 minutes.
4） 设备
Oligonucleotide primers were prepared using the Applied Biosystems Model 318A (Foster City, CA) DNA Synthesizer according to the manufacturers' instructions.(Rouwendal et al., p.78)
5） 统计分析
We used Wilcox rank-sum tests for all comparisons of pre-experimental scores and for all comparisons of hue, saturation, and brightness scores between various groups of birds ... All P-values are two-tailed unless otherwise noted. (Brawner et al., p. 955)
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参考资料：
[1] Emily Wortman-Wunder and Kate Kiefer. (1994 - 2012). Writing the Scientific Paper. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University.
[2] https://biology.acadiau.ca/materials-and-methods.html
[3] https://www.springer.com/gp/authors-editors/authorandreviewertutorials/howtopeerreview/materials-and-methods/10286404
[4] https://papersowl.com/blog/how-to-write-the-methods-section-of-a-research-paper
